9 Symptoms of Sundowner Dementia in Dogs + Doggy Dementia Guide

Sundowner’s, also known as canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) or doggy dementia, is a challenging condition for pet owners to manage. According to veterinarian expert Dr. Jane Barber, recognizing the signs early and working closely with a veterinarian to develop a management plan is essential.

Despite the challenges, caring for a dog with sundowner dementia can be rewarding, and with proper management and treatment, affected dogs can lead a comfortable and happy life.

In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and prognosis of Doggy Dementia and Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS), a cognitive decline that can occur in aging dogs.

Can senior dogs get Sundowner dementia?

Yes, senior dogs are at risk of developing sundowner dementia.

It is estimated that around 14% of dogs aged 8 years and older experience some form of cognitive dysfunction. By the time they reach 15 years of age, this number increases to around 68% of dogs.

What is Sundowner dementia in dogs?

Sundowner dementia is a progressive degenerative disease that affects a dog’s brain, causing changes in their behavior, memory, and cognitive function, and can significantly impact the quality of life of affected dogs and their owners. 

According to the American Kennel Club, up to 50% of dogs over the age of 10 will experience some form of cognitive dysfunction, with sundowner dementia being one of the most common types.

Sundowner dementia, also known as sundowner syndrome or canine cognitive dysfunction, is a condition that causes: 

• changes in behavior, 
• changes in memory, 
• changes in cognitive function. 

The condition is similar to Alzheimer’s disease in humans, and can significantly impact the quality of life of affected dogs and their owners.

The condition is caused by a number of factors, including age-related changes in the brain, oxidative damage, and inflammation. Additionally, certain breeds may be more predisposed to developing cognitive dysfunction, including Boxers, Cocker Spaniels, and Labrador Retrievers.

If you suspect that your dog may be showing signs of sundowner dementia, it is important to speak with your veterinarian as soon as possible to determine the best course of action. Early intervention and treatment can help manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for affected dogs.

Results of the Veterinary Information Network survey show that the average cost of caring for a dog with cognitive dysfunction is over $1,500 per year.

What causes sundowner syndrome in dogs?

The exact cause of sundowner dementia is not fully understood. However, it is believed to be caused by changes in the brain, including: 

• buildup of abnormal proteins (beta-amyloid accumulate) in the brain’s tissue proteins form plaques that lead to brain inflammation and nerve cell loss. 
• oxidative stress and oxidative damage, 
• inflammation, 
• changes in neurotransmitters
• age-related changes in the brain
• disruption of the dog’s biological clock (circadian rhythm)
• pineal gland may not be functioning properly which can lead to disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle and other related symptoms such as restlessness or agitation. The pineal gland plays an important role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle in dogs (and other animals). It is responsible for releasing the hormone melatonin, which helps to induce sleepiness and regulate the body’s circadian rhythm.

Research suggests that oxidative damage and inflammation in the brain may play a role in the development of cognitive dysfunction in dogs. 

Oxidative damage occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, which can lead to cell damage and death. 

Inflammation, on the other hand, is the body’s response to injury or infection and can cause further damage to brain cells over time.

Certain breeds may also be more predisposed to developing cognitive dysfunction, including Boxers, Cocker Spaniels, and Labrador Retrievers. 

Other risk factors may include a history of head trauma, exposure to toxins, and chronic health conditions such as diabetes or hypothyroidism.

Sundowner dementia in dogs symptoms

Symptoms of sundowners’ dementia can be gradual in onset and may vary from dog to dog. Some of the common symptoms include:

1. Disorientation and confusion

Sundowning dogs may appear confused and disoriented, struggling to navigate their surroundings and getting stuck in corners or behind furniture. They may stare into space, pace or wander aimlessly, and even fail to recognize their family members. 

2. Changes in sleeping patterns

Dogs with sundowner dementia may sleep more during the day and become more restless at night which can lead to disrupted sleep patterns for both the dog and their owners. This can include waking up multiple times during the night, exhibiting signs of anxiety, such as pacing, panting, or barking, and seeking constant attention. As a result, the lack of quality sleep can be a challenging aspect of managing sundowner dementia, leaving dog parents feeling overwhelmed and exhausted.

3. Decreased interest in social interaction

Dogs with sundowners may exhibit changes in their interaction with people and other pets. Some may avoid interaction altogether by hiding, while others may become upset when touched. Conversely, a normally independent dog may become unusually clingy. These changes can indicate sundowning if they are not typical behavior for your dog.

4. Changes in behavior

Dogs with sundowner dementia may become more anxious or aggressive or may exhibit repetitive behaviors.

5. Loss of house-training

Affected dogs may forget their house training and may begin to have accidents indoors. They may also have difficulty holding their bladders, which can require more frequent walks or the use of piddle pads.

6. Changes in activity level

Dogs with sundowner dementia may become less active and show a decreased interest in playing or going for walks. Some dogs may become more active, while others may become lethargic and sleep more. If your normally energetic dog shows less interest in activities or if your couch potato dog starts pacing and walking in circles, it could be a sign of sundowners. 

7. Anxiety

Sundowner dementia can cause senior dogs to become anxious and fearful of new things in the home and spend more time on the outskirts, shaking or hiding. They may also become more reactive to loud sounds and fast activity, leading to anxiety around children or new pets. Additionally, they may develop separation anxiety as they age.

8. Memory loss

Dogs with dementia may struggle with basic commands and may find it harder to learn new behaviors. They may forget where their food and water is or become confused about which door leads outside. 

9. Aggression

Is a potential symptom of Sundowner dementia in dogs, and can be a difficult challenge for pet owners to manage. It’s important to understand that aggression in dogs with Sundowner dementia is often a result of fear, confusion, or frustration due to the cognitive decline they are experiencing.

in some cases, dogs with sundowner dementia may also experience symptoms in the morning, although this is less common.

Some of the symptoms of sundowner dementia in dogs that may occur in the morning include:

• Disorientation and confusion: Dogs may have difficulty finding their way around familiar environments or may seem confused about their surroundings.

• Changes in sleep patterns: Dogs may experience disrupted sleep patterns, waking up frequently during the night or sleeping excessively during the day.

• Vocalizations: Dogs may whine, bark, or howl more frequently, especially in the morning.

• Anxiety: Dogs may seem more anxious or nervous in the morning, exhibiting symptoms such as restlessness, pacing, or panting.

• Reduced appetite: Dogs may lose interest in food or may be less motivated to eat in the morning.

Late afternoon or early evening is a common time for Sundowner dementia symptoms to occur in dogs. This is often referred to as “sundowning” and can be a challenging time for both the dog and the owner. During this time, dogs with Sundowner dementia may become more agitated, confused, or disoriented, and may exhibit symptoms such as pacing, barking, or restlessness.

These symptoms can also be indicative of other health conditions, and it is important to speak with a veterinarian if you suspect that your dog may be showing signs of sundowner dementia. Early intervention and treatment can help manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for affected dogs.

How do vets diagnose Sundowner dementia?

Diagnosing sundowner dementia in dogs can be challenging, as there is no specific test that can definitively diagnose the condition and symptoms can be similar to other health issues. However, veterinarians may use a combination of methods to diagnose sundowner dementia, including:

Physical examination: The veterinarian will perform a physical exam to rule out any underlying medical conditions that could be causing the symptoms.

Neurological examination: The veterinarian will perform a neurological exam to assess the dog’s cognitive function, reflexes, and coordination.

Blood work: Blood work can help rule out any underlying medical conditions that could be causing the symptoms, such as thyroid disease or kidney disease.

Urinalysis: Urinalysis can help detect any underlying medical conditions, such as a urinary tract infection.

Behavioral history: The veterinarian will ask the owner about the dog’s behavior and any changes in behavior, such as changes in sleep patterns, loss of house training, and changes in activity level.

Cognitive function tests: There are various cognitive function tests that veterinarians may use to assess a dog’s cognitive function, such as the Canine Dementia Scale and the Modified Hasegawa Dementia Scale.

X-rays or ultrasounds: 

What are the treatments for Sundowner dementia?

While there is no cure for sundowner dementia, there are treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. 

Treatment may include medications, dietary changes, environmental modifications, and cognitive stimulation.

Medications such as selegiline and melatonin have been shown to be effective in managing the symptoms of sundowner dementia. 

Medications that may help manage the symptoms of sundowner dementia in dogs:

• Melatonin: This hormone can help regulate the sleep-wake cycle in dogs and improve sleep quality, which can be beneficial for dogs with sleep disturbances related to sundowner dementia.
• Adaptil®: This medication contains pheromones that mimic those of a nursing mother dog, which can help promote relaxation and reduce anxiety in dogs.
• Solliquin® and Zylkene®: These medications contain natural ingredients that can help promote calmness and increase the production of serotonin, which can help improve mood and reduce anxiety.
• Anipryl®, Selegiline and Donepezil: Cholinesterase inhibitors/medications can help improve cognitive function and memory in dogs with dementia. Examples of cholinesterase inhibitors commonly used in veterinary medicine include selegiline.
• Benzodiazepines – Xanax®, Lorazepam – Ativan®: Anxiolytics medications can help reduce anxiety and improve sleep in dogs with sundowner syndrome
• Fluoxetine – Prozac® and Amitriptyline: Antidepressants medications can help improve mood and reduce anxiety in dogs with sundowner dementia.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – Carprofen and Corticosteroids – Prednisone: Anti-inflammatory drug medications can help reduce inflammation in the brain and improve cognitive function in dogs with sundowner dementia. 
• Selegiline – Selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI): is a medication that increases the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine. Selegiline has been shown to be effective in managing some of the symptoms of sundowner dementia, such as anxiety, confusion, and agitation, by improving cognitive function and reducing oxidative stress in the brain. It may also help to increase activity levels and improve the overall quality of life in affected dogs.

Supplements that may help manage the symptoms of sundowner dementia in dogs:

• Novifit® and resveratrol-containing products: These antioxidant supplements may help reduce the formation of harmful free radicals in the body, which can improve overall brain function and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
• Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs): These supplements may help improve cognitive function in dogs with dementia. MCTs are a type of fat that is metabolized differently than other fats and can provide an alternative energy source for the brain. Examples of MCT supplements for dogs include Purina® Pro Plan® NeuroCare.
• Vitamin E: This antioxidant can help reduce oxidative stress in the brain and improve cognitive function in dogs with dementia. Examples of vitamin E supplements for dogs include Nutri-Vet Senior-Vite and VetriScience® Canine Plus Senior.
• S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe): This supplement can help improve cognitive function and reduce anxiety in dogs with dementia. Examples of SAMe supplements for dogs include Denosyl® and Zentonil®.
• Probiotics: These supplements can help improve gut health and reduce inflammation in the body, which can be beneficial for dogs with dementia. Examples of probiotic supplements for dogs include Proviable®-DC and FortiFlora®.
• Ginkgo Biloba: This herb has been shown to improve blood flow to the brain and may help improve cognitive function in dogs with dementia. Examples of ginkgo biloba supplements for dogs include NaturVet® Senior Quiet Moments® Calming Aid and Vet Classics® Cognitive Support Soft Chews.
• Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): This antioxidant can help reduce oxidative stress in the brain and improve cognitive function in dogs with dementia. Examples of CoQ10 supplements for dogs include Q10VET and VetriScience® Coenzyme Q10.
• L-theanine: This amino acid can help reduce anxiety and improve sleep in dogs with sundowner syndrome. Examples of L-theanine supplements for dogs include VetriScience® Composure Chews and Nutramax® Solliquin® Calming Chewable Tablets.
• Omega-3 fatty acids: These fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects and can support brain health in dogs.
• CBD oil: This oil has gained popularity for its purported anti-inflammatory and calming effects. While there is still limited research on its efficacy in dogs with sundowner dementia, it may be worth discussing with a veterinarian as a potential treatment option.

It is important to note that all medications and supplements should be used under the guidance of a veterinarian, as dosages and potential side effects can vary. Veterinarians can help determine the best treatment plan for individual dogs based on their specific needs and health status.

Dietary changes, such as adding antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids to the dog’s diet, can also be beneficial. 

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) have been shown to have potential benefits for dogs with cognitive dysfunction, including Sundowner dementia. MCTs are a type of dietary fat that is quickly converted to ketones, which can provide an alternative source of energy for the brain when glucose metabolism is impaired.

Studies have shown that dogs fed a diet supplemented with MCTs experienced improvements in cognitive function, including increased activity levels, better spatial orientation, and reduced pacing and circling behaviors. Additionally, MCTs have been found to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help protect the brain from damage and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

Environmental modifications, such as providing a safe and comfortable environment and establishing a routine, can help reduce stress and anxiety. 

Cognitive stimulation, such as puzzle toys and training exercises, can help keep the dog’s mind active.

How can you help your dog with Sundowner dementia?

If your dog has been diagnosed with Sundowner dementia, there are several things you can do to help them. Creating a safe and comfortable environment, establishing a routine, providing cognitive stimulation, and ensuring they have access to food and water can all help improve their quality of life.

Stick to a routine: Establishing a consistent daily routine can help reduce confusion and anxiety for dogs with dementia. This includes consistent feeding times, exercise routines, and sleeping schedules.

Provide a comfortable and safe environment: Dogs with dementia may become disoriented and confused, so it is important to provide a safe and secure environment for them. This includes removing any hazards or obstacles in their living space, using baby gates to restrict access to certain areas, and providing comfortable bedding.

Use environmental cues: Placing familiar items or scents around the house, such as their bed or a favorite toy, can help trigger positive memories for dogs with dementia.

Consider behavioral training: Some dogs with dementia may experience anxiety or agitation, and behavioral training can help manage these symptoms. This may include techniques such as desensitization or counter-conditioning.

Consider medication or supplements: Medications and supplements, as previously mentioned, may also be beneficial for managing the symptoms of sundowner dementia in dogs. These should only be used under the guidance of a veterinarian.

Spend quality time with your dog: Spending quality time with your dog can help reduce stress and anxiety, and provide comfort and support. This may include activities such as gentle grooming, massage, or simply sitting with your dog and providing affection.

Provide mental stimulation: Engaging in mentally stimulating activities, such as puzzle toys or training exercises, can help keep your dog’s mind active and improve cognitive function.

Maintain a healthy diet: A balanced and healthy diet can help support overall health and brain function in dogs with dementia. Your veterinarian may recommend a specific diet or supplements to support your dog’s brain health.

Avoid changes to the environment: Dogs with sundowner dementia may become easily disoriented or confused by changes in their environment. Try to avoid rearranging furniture or making other major changes to your home.

Consider alternative therapies: Alternative therapies such as acupuncture or massage may also be beneficial for managing the symptoms of sundowner dementia in dogs. These therapies can help promote relaxation and reduce stress and anxiety.

How long can a dog live with Sundowner Dementia?

The prognosis for dogs with sundowner dementia can vary depending on the severity of their condition, as well as the age and overall health of the senior dog. 

While there is no cure for sundowner dementia, early detection, and management can help slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life.

According to a study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, the median survival time for dogs diagnosed with cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS), which includes sundowner dementia, was 625 days. However, the survival time can vary widely depending on the individual dog and their specific health status.

Unfortunately, as Sundowner’s dementia progresses, the symptoms can become more severe and difficult to manage. Dogs may experience increased confusion and disorientation and may require more specialized care and attention. 

Sundowner dementia in dogs takeaways

Sundowner dementia can be a difficult diagnosis for any dog owner to receive, but it’s important to remember that there are many strategies and treatments available to help manage the condition and improve the quality of life for affected dogs. 

While there is no cure for sundowner dementia, early detection and intervention by your veterinarian can help slow the progression of the disease and prolong survival.

Through a combination of medication, supplements, environmental management, and lifestyle changes, it is possible to support dogs with sundowner dementia and help them enjoy their golden years to the fullest. 

By working closely with a veterinarian and providing ongoing care and support, you can help your dog maintain their independence, dignity, and happiness.

While the journey may not always be easy, there is hope for dogs with sundowner dementia. With the right care and attention, you can help your dog live their best life, and cherish every moment you have together.

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